Analyzing the Balance between Offshore Wind Energy and Marine Biodiversity Conservation in European Union Law and Policy

Abstract

This master’s thesis explores how the European Union balances marine biodiversity protection with offshore wind energy development, crucial for its renewable energy transition. It aims to assess the effectiveness of EU legal and policy frameworks in aligning environmental and energy goals, especially as offshore wind capacity grows. The paper involves analyzing EU directives alongside relevant case law, policy documents, and studies on offshore wind farm impacts. The analysis centers on directive provisions, their interplay, and implementation across Member States. Results suggest the EU has a robust framework for sustainable energy and marine ecosystem protection, but challenges include inconsistent enforcement and directive gaps. While recognizing the progress that has been made, this thesis emphasizes the need for refined regulations to better integrate environmental concerns into energy development. Ultimately, it calls for EU policy adjustments to enhance alignment between offshore renewable energy expansion and marine biodiversity preservation.