dc.contributor.advisor | Tiller, Heidi | |
dc.contributor.author | Nedberg, Nora Hersoug | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2025-08-14T11:52:11Z | |
dc.date.available | 2025-08-14T11:52:11Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2025-09-04 | |
dc.description.abstract | Fetal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is caused by maternal alloantibodies that target human platelet antigens (HPAs) on fetal platelets, most commonly HPA-1a. Integrin β3, expressing the HPA-1a epitope, however, is also displayed on placental cells. Associations between HPA-1a alloimmunized mothers and low birthweight in addition to reports of chronic placental inflammations in alloimmunized pregnancies all point to a placental component in the pathophysiology of FNAIT. Determining how, where and when maternal HPA-1a antibodies may target and harm placental development and function is of clinical importance. One consideration is to understand how these alloantibodies may contribute to poor fetal growth, but also to determine the overall role of placenta in FNAIT pathophysiology.
By prospectively collecting placentas from HPA-1a negative women, we have shown a strong association between maternal HPA-1a antibodies and chronic villous/intervillous inflammatory lesions in the placenta. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that an alloimmune response play an important role in the pathophysiology of unexplained chronic villous/intervillous inflammatory lesions. To date, prediction of FNAIT severity is limited to prior obstetric history and maternal HPA-1a antibody levels, however with only limited predictive strengths. Better predictors of neonatal outcomes to guide ante- and perinatal management strategies are therefore needed. By measuring three angiogenic biomarkers in maternal plasma: Placental Growth Factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble Endoglin (sEng), we demonstrated a more anti-angiogenic maternal protein profile in HPA-1a alloimmunized mothers with severe FNAIT-associated outcomes. Our results suggest that sFlt-1 levels and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio may improve clinical prediction of severe FNAIT outcome. Since the pattern of β3 expression in placental tissue was not well defined but highly important to reveal, we investigated the subcellular localization of integrin β3 in human term placenta. Using deconvolution microscopy, we have shown an intranuclear localization of integrin β3 in syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblasts and endothelial cells within chorionic villi. With super-resolution structured illumination microscopy, we depicted the placental brush border membrane. We did not detect integrin β3 in the brush border membrane of term placental tissue, thus challenging the current perception of its localization. In summary, our findings have strengthened the central role of the placenta in FNAIT pathophysiology. | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | Føtal/neonatal alloimmun trombocytopeni (FNAIT) er forårsaket av maternelle alloantistoffer som retter seg mot humane plateantigener (HPA) på føtale blodplater, oftest HPA-1a. Integrin β3, som uttrykker HPA-1a antigenet, er imidlertid også funnet å være uttrykt på placenta. Sammenhengen mellom HPA-1a alloimmuniserte mødre og lav fødselsvekt, i tillegg til rapporter om kroniske placentainflammasjoner, peker alle mot en viktig placentakomponent i patofysiologien til FNAIT. Å forstå hvordan, hvor og når maternelle HPA-1a antistoffer kan binde og påvirke placentautvikling og -funksjon er av klinisk betydning. En ting er å forstå hvordan disse alloantistoffene kan bidra til dårlig føtal vekst, men det er også viktig å avklare den overordnede rollen til placenta i FNAIT-patofysiologien.
Ved å prospektivt samle inn placentaer fra HPA-1a negative kvinner, har vi vist en sterk sammenheng mellom maternelle HPA-1a antistoffer og kroniske villøse/intervilløse inflammatoriske lesjoner i placenta. Våre resultater støtter derfor hypotesen om at en alloimmun respons spiller en viktig rolle i patofysiologien til uforklarlige kroniske villøse/intervilløse inflammatoriske lesjoner. Til dags dato er prediksjon av FNAIT-alvorlighetsgrad begrenset til tidligere obstetrisk historie og nivåer av maternelle HPA-1a antistoffnivåer, men kun med begrenset prediktiv styrke. Bedre prediktorer for neonatale utfall for å veilede ante- og perinatal håndteringsstrategier er derfor nødvendig. Ved å måle tre angiogene biomarkører i maternelt plasma: Placental Growth Factor (PlGF), løselig fms-lignende tyrosinkinase-1 (sFlt-1) og løselig Endoglin (sEng), har vi vist en mer anti-angiogen maternell proteinprofil hos HPA-1a alloimmuniserte mødre med alvorlige FNAIT-assosierte utfall. Våre resultater antyder at sFlt-1 nivåer og sFlt-1/PlGF ratioen kan være med på å forbedre klinisk prediksjon av alvorlig FNAIT-utfall. Siden β3-ekspresjonsmønsteret i placentalt vev ikke var godt definert, men svært viktig å avdekke, undersøkte vi den subcellulære lokaliseringen av integrin β3 i humane placenta ved termin. Ved bruk av dekonvolusjonsmikroskopi har vi vist en intranukleær lokalisering av integrin β3 på syncytiotrofoblast, cytotrofoblast- og endotelceller innenfor chorion villi. Ved bruk av super-resolusjonsmikroskopi, kunne vi tydelig se mikrovillimembranen på placenta. Vi detekterte ikke integrin β3 i mikrovillimembranen, noe som derved utfordrer den nåværende oppfatningen av β3 integrinets plassering i placentavev ved termin. Oppsummert har våre funn styrket oppfatningen om at placenta spiller en sentral rolle i FNAIT-patofysiologi. | en_US |
dc.description.doctoraltype | ph.d. | en_US |
dc.description.popularabstract | Fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a rare pregnancy disorder that occurs when the mother’s immune system develops antibodies towards the platelets of the fetus. FNAIT can cause severe brain bleeding in the fetus or newborn and today we lack good tools to identify which pregnancies are at high risk for this condition. So-called platelet antibodies may not only target fetal platelets but also cells within the placenta. This thesis explores how placenta is implicated in FNAIT.
By examinating placentas from women giving birth in Norway and Poland, we found that women with platelet antibodies frequently had chronic inflammation in their placentas. Chronic inflammations in the placenta are associated with increased risk of reduced birth weight in the newborn. We also found that we may increase the ability to predict neonates affected with severe FNAIT by measuring placenta proteins in the mother’s blood during pregnancy. Finally, with the use of highly advanced microscopes we explored where in the placenta these antibodies may bind, and our findings challenge what we thought we knew - confirming that the devil is in the details! | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | UiT the Arctic University of Norway | en_US |
dc.identifier.isbn | 978-82-350-0038-5 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/10037/37979 | |
dc.language.iso | eng | en_US |
dc.publisher | UiT The Arctic University of Norway | en_US |
dc.publisher | UiT Norges arktiske universitet | en_US |
dc.relation.haspart | <p>Paper I: Nedberg, N.H., Turowski, G., Guz, K., Przytuła, E., Uhrynowska, M., Roald, B., Husebekk, A., Sitras, V., Nystad, M., Dębska, M., Brojer, E. & Tiller, H. (2021). Platelet alloimmunization is associated with low grade chronic histiocytic intervillositis – a new link to a rare placental lesion? <i>Placenta, 112</i>, 89-96. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/22688>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/22688</a>.
<p>Paper II: Nedberg, N.H., Nystad, M., Ahlen, M.T., Bertelsen, E.L., Guz, K., Uhrynowska, M., … Tiller, H. (2024). Placenta-associated biomarkers and pregnancy outcome in HPA-1a alloimmunization: A prospective cohort study. <i>Placenta, 158</i>, 185-191. Also available at <a href=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2024.10.014>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2024.10.014</a>. Accepted manuscript version available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/36520>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/36520</a>.
<p>Paper III: Nedberg, N.H., Nystad, M., Mao, H., Van Ligtenberg, L.M., Nalliah, M., Wolfson, D., … Tiller, H. Remarkable localization of integrin β3 in term placental tissue using super-resolution microscopy. (Manuscript). | en_US |
dc.rights.accessRights | openAccess | en_US |
dc.rights.holder | Copyright 2025 The Author(s) | |
dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 | en_US |
dc.rights | Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) | en_US |
dc.subject | FNAIT | en_US |
dc.subject | Placenta | en_US |
dc.subject | HPA-1a alloimmunization | en_US |
dc.title | Platelets and Placenta - the New Hotspot of Fetomaternal Crosstalk. Unveiling Placental Implications of Human Platelet Antigen Alloimmunization | en_US |
dc.type | Doctoral thesis | en_US |
dc.type | Doktorgradsavhandling | en_US |