The recent sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines emphasizes the critical need to safeguard submarine pipelines. Given Norway's extensive network of submarine pipelines in the North Sea, the protection of these assets is vital. This study seeks to determine if Norway, as a pipeline-laying state, together with its entities Equinor and Gassco, can legally implement security measures on their pipelines ...

The thesis asks whether the Habitats Directive allows natural dynamics of succession and natural disturbances to alter habitats in special areas of protection (Natura 2000 sites). A literature review of relevant ecological papers discusses the context, function and role of these dynamics. The ecological findings provide the necessary perspective for the interpretive legal doctrinal research used in ...

Before the Northern Lights project, carbon capture and storage (CCS) were a matter between operator and State, whereas it now includes other parties in the equation. How does this change the rules regarding responsibility? And how do international environmental rules on environmental pollution liability and principles like the ‘polluter pays principle’ and 'no transboundary harm' relate to a ...

The world’s aquatic environment is at risk of irreversible environmental damage and most of Europe’s lakes and rivers have shown signs of degradation from pollution and the changing climate. Water sources are not only essential for human life but crucial for the earth’s biodiversity. The introduction of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in the EU has been essential in providing its member states ...

The goal of this thesis is to explore how the law is structured to deal with the dichotomy between biodiversity protection and common-pool resources. To do so, it utilizes bottom trawling as an example of an anthropogenic activity that benefits from the exploitation of the latter but is known to be detrimental to the former. As bottom trawling is a fishing technique, it also examines how fisheries ...

Climate change is severely affecting the Arctic and accelerating the melting of the ice. Among other things, it is leading to the emergence of new polar routes. This will shorten the distances between Europe and Asia. These new Arctic lanes have led to an increase in maritime traffic in the High North. This new shipping traffic represents economic opportunities for the region, but can cause irreversible ...

There is an ongoing proliferation of armed conflicts and international crimes around the world. While states and multinational organisations often fail to resolve these conflicts through traditional channels of diplomacy and mediation, more active participation of the civilian population in the collection, verification, and preservation of digital evidence (e-evidence) on core international crimes ...

Fishing alters marine biodiversity. This has been widespread knowledge for decades. Eliminating adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems and modifying fishing practices, so as to reduce the effects of fisheries on ecosystems, non-target species, and stocks, is together considered one of the main targets to safeguard global biodiversity (see COP CBD 2010). This highlights the need for urgent ...

Avhandlingen omhandler forbudet mot føring av motorvogn under påvirkning av den psykoaktive komponenten THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) som finnes i cannabis. Forbudet er hjemlet i vegtrafikkloven § 22.I forskrift er det fastsatt faste grenser for straffbar konsentrasjon av THC i blodet under føring av motorvogn. Det reises tre problemstillinger i avhandlingen. Den første problemstillingen er hvorvidt ...

Oppgaven behandler spørsmålet om når en arbeidsgiver kan foreta innsyn i arbeidstakers e-postkasse. Fremstillingen tar særlig sikte på å redegjøre for og analysere de materielle innsynsvilkårene etter e-postforskriften § 2 første ledd.