• Simultaneous Global Ionospheric Disturbances Associated With Penetration Electric Fields During Intense and Minor Solar and Geomagnetic Disturbances 

      Zhang, Shun-Rong; Nishimura, Yukitoshi; Vierinen, Juha-Pekka; Lyons, Larry R.; Knipp, Delores J.; Gustavsson, Björn Johan; Waghule, Bhagyashree V.; Erickson, Philip J.; Coster, Anthea J.; Aa, Ercha; Spicher, Andres (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2023-09-29)
      A new observational phenomenon, named Simultaneous Global Ionospheric Density Disturbance (SGD), is identified in GNSS total electron content (TEC) data during periods of three typical geospace disturbances: a Coronal Mass Ejection-driven severe disturbance event, a high-speed stream event, and a minor disturbance day with a maximum Kp of 4. SGDs occur frequently on dayside and dawn sectors, with ...