Active rock glaciers are ice and debris-cored landforms common in cold arid mountains. They have not been widely described in the Patagonian Andes of southern South America and here we provide the first rock glacier inventory for the Jeinimeni region to the east of the contemporary North Patagonian Icefield. Detailed analysis of available satellite imagery and fieldwork demonstrates the presence of ...

A clustering method that combines an advanced statistical distribution with spatial contextual information is proposed for multilook polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. It is based on a Markov random field (MRF) model that integrates a K-Wishart distribution for the PolSAR data statistics conditioned to each image cluster and a Potts model for the spatial context. Specifically, the ...

A new concept has been developed which can view vast regions of the Earth's surface. Ground HF transmissions are reflected by the ionosphere to illuminate the ocean over a few thousand kilometers. HF receivers detect the radio waves scattered by the sea and land surface. Using the theory of radio wave scatter from ocean surfaces, the HF data is then processed to yield the directional wave-height ...

The Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) onboard Sentinel 3A satellite was launched in February 2016. Level 2 (L2) products have been available for the public since July 2017. OLCI provides the possibility to monitor aquatic environments on 300 m spatial resolution on 9 spectral bands, which allows to retrieve detailed information about the water quality of various type of waters. It has only been ...

Bis(phosphine)cobalt dialkyl complexes have been reported to be highly active in the hydrogenation of tri-substituted alkenes bearing hydroxyl substituents. Alkene substrates containing ether, ester, or ketone substituents show minimal reactivity, indicating an activating effect of the hydroxyl group. The mechanistic details of bis(phosphine)cobalt-catalysed hydrogenation were recently evaluated ...

Well-preserved fault gouge along brittle faults in Paleoproterozoic, volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Raipas Supergroup exposed in the Alta–Kvænangen tectonic window in northern Norway yielded latest Mesoproterozoic (approximately 1050 15 Ma) to mid-Neoproterozoic (approximately 825–810 18 Ma) K–Ar ages. Pressure–temperature estimates from microtextural and mineralogy analyses of fault ...

Polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSEs) have been long associated with noctilucent clouds (NLCs). For large ice particles sizes and relatively high ice densities, PMSEs at 3m Bragg wavelengths are known to be good tracers of the atmospheric wind dynamics and to be highly correlated with NLC occurrence. Combining the Middle Atmosphere ALOMAR Radar System (MAARSY) and the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging ...

We investigate the capabilities of the next generation ionospheric research radar EISCAT 3D (E3D) for observations of space objects. The radar is multi-static, and is therefore capable of observing instantaneous threedimensional vector velocity and position by observing round-trip delay and Doppler shift between the transmitter and three receiver sites. The radar is to be located in Northern ...

Heterogeneity between individuals has attracted attention in the literature of survival analysis for several decades. Widowed individuals also differ; some are more frail than others and thereby have a higher risk of dying. The traditional hazard rate in a survival model is a measure of population risk and does not provide direct information on the unobservable individual risk. A frailty model is ...

We present a novel instrument, the Sub-Ocean probe, allowing in situ and continuous measurements of dissolved methane in seawater. It relies on an optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption technique designed for trace gas measurements and coupled to a patent-pending sample extraction method. The considerable advantage of the instrument compared with existing ones lies in its fast response time of ...