Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
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https://hdl.handle.net/10037/10340Date
2016-04-09Type
Journal articleTidsskriftartikkel
Peer reviewed
Author
Zhou, Bin; Lu, Yuan; Hajifathalian, Kaveh; Bentham, James; Di Cesare, Mariachiara; Danaei, Goodarz; Bixby, Honor; Cowan, Melanie J; Ali, Mohammed K; Taddei, Cristina; Lo, Wei-Cheng; Reis-Santos, Barbara; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Riley, Leanne M.; Miranda, J. Jaime; Bjerregaard, Peter; Rivera, Juan A.; Fouad, Heba M.; Ma, Guansheng; Mbanya, Jean Claude N.; McGarvey, Stephen T.; Mohan, Viswanathan; Onat, Altan; Pilav, Aida; Ramachandran, Ambady; Ben Romdhane, Habiba; Paciorek, Christopher J.; Bennett, James E.; Ezzati, Majid; Abdeen, Ziad A.; Kadir, Khalid Abdul; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin; Adams, Robert; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.; Agyemang, Charles; Ahmadvand, Alireza; Al-Othman, Amani Rashed; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Amouyel, Philippe; Amuzu, Antoinette; Bo Andersen, Lars; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer; Aris, Tahir; Arlappa, Nimmathota; Arveiler, Dominique; Assah, Felix K.; Avdicova, Maria; Azizi, Fereidoun; Balakrishna, Nagalla; Bandosz, Piotr; Barbagallo, Carlo M.; Barcelo, Alberto; Batieha, Anwar M.; Baur, Louise A.; Benet, Mikhail; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio; Bharadwaj, Sumit; Bhargava, Santosh K.; Bi, Yufang; Bjertness, Espen; Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark; Björkelund, Cecilia; 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Valdivia, Gonzalo; Valvi, Damaskini; Van Rossem, Lenie; Van Valkengoed, Irene GM; Vanderschueren, Dirk; Vanuzzo, Diego; Vega, Tomas; Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo; Veronesi, Giovanni; Verschuren, WM Monique; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn; Viet, Lucie; Vioque, Jesus; Virtanen, Jyrki K; Visvikis-Siest, Sophie; Viswanathan, Bharathi; Vollenweider, Peter; Voutilainen, Sari; Vrijheid, Martine; Wade, Alisha N; Wagner, Aline; Walton, Janette; Wan Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon; Wang, Feng; Wang, Ming-Dong; Wang, Qian; Wang, Ya Xing; Wannamethee, S Goya; Weerasekera, Deepa; Whincup, Peter H; Widhalm, Kurt; Wiecek, Andrzej; Wijga, Alet H; Wilks, Rainford J; Willeit, Johann; Wilsgaard, Tom; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Wong, Tien Yin; Woo, Jean; Woodward, Mark; Wu, Frederick C; Wu, Shou Ling; Xu, Haiquan; Yan, Weili; Yang, Xiaoguang; Ye, Xingwang; Yoshihara, Akihiro; Younger-Coleman, Novie O; Zambon, Sabina; Zargar, Abdul Hamid; Zdrojewski, Tomasz; Zhao, Wenhua; Zheng, Yingfeng; Cisneros, Julio ZuñigaAbstract
Background:
One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the agestandardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.
Methods:
We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence—defi ned as fasting plasma glucose of 7·0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs—in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.
Findings:
We used data from 751 studies including 4 372 000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4·3% (95% credible interval 2·4–7·0) in 1980 to 9·0% (7·2–11·1) in 2014 in men, and from 5·0% (2·9–7·9) to 7·9% (6·4–9·7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28·5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39·7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31·8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.
Interpretation:
Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the agestandardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.
Methods:
We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence—defi ned as fasting plasma glucose of 7·0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs—in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.
Findings:
We used data from 751 studies including 4 372 000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4·3% (95% credible interval 2·4–7·0) in 1980 to 9·0% (7·2–11·1) in 2014 in men, and from 5·0% (2·9–7·9) to 7·9% (6·4–9·7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28·5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39·7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31·8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.
Interpretation:
Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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ElsevierCitation
Zhou, B. ...et al. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. The Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1513-1530Metadata
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L.; Alguacil, Maria del Mar; Alignier, Audrey; Ancrenaz, Marc; Andersen, Alan N.; Arbeláez-Cortés, Enrique; Armbrecht, Inge; Arroyo-Rodriguez, Victor; Aumann, Tom; Axmacher, Jan C.; Azhar, Badrul; Azpiroz, Adrián B.; Baeten, Lander; Bakayoko, Adama; Báldi, András; Banks, John E.; Baral, Sharad K.; Barlow, Jos; Barratt, Barbara I. P.; Barrico, Lurdes; Bartolommei, Paola; Barton, Diane M.; Basset, Yves; Batáry, Péter; Bates, Adam J.; Baur, Bruno; Bayne, Erin M.; Beja, Pedro; Benedick, Suzan; Berg, Åke; Bernard, Henry; Berry, Nicholas J.; Bhatt, Dinesh; Bicknell, Jake E.; Bihn, Jochen H.; Blake, Robin J.; Bobo, Kadiri S.; Bóçon, Roberto; Boekhout, Teun; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin; Bonham, Kevin J.; Borges, Paulo A. V.; Borges, Sérgio H.; Boutin, Celine; Bouyer, Jérémy; Bragagnolo, Cibele; Brandt, Jodi S.; Brearley, Francis Q.; Brito, Isabel; Bros, Vicenç; Brunet, Jörg; Buczkowski, Grzegorz; Buddle, Christopher M.; Bugter, Rob; Buscardo, Erika; Buse, Jörn; Cabra-García, Jimmy; Cáceres, Nilton C.; Cagle, Nicolette L.; Calviño-Cancela, Maria; Cameron, Sydney A.; Cancello, Eliana M.; Caparrós, Rut; Cardoso, Pedro; Carpenter, Dan; Carrijo, Tiago F.; Carvalho, Anelena L.; Cassano, Camila R.; Castro, Helena; Castro-Luna, Alejandro A.; Rolando, Cerda B.; Cerezo, Alexis; Chapman, Kim Alan; Chauvat, Matthieu; Christensen, Morten; Clarke, Francis M.; Cleary, Daniel F. R.; Colombo, Giorgio; Connop, Stuart P.; Craig, Michael D.; Cruz-López, Leopoldo; Cunningham, Saul A.; D'Aniello, Biagio; D'Cruze, Neil; da Silva, Pedro Giovâni; Dallimer, Martin; Danquah, Emmanuel; Darvill, Ben; Dauber, Jens; Davis, Adrian L V.; Dawson, Jeff; de Sassi, Claudio; de Thoisy, Benoit; Deheuvels, Olivier; Dejean, Alain; Devineau, Jean-Louis; Diekötter, Tim; Dolia, Jignasu V.; Domínguez, Erwin; Domguez-Haydar, Yamileth; Dorn, Silvia; Draper, Isabel; Dreber, Niels; Dumont, Bertrand; Dures, Simon G.; Dynesius, Mats; Edenius, Lars; Eggleton, Paul; Eigenbrod, Felix; Elek, Zoltán; Entling, Martin H.; Esler, Karen J.; de Lima, Ricardo F.; Faruk, Aisyah; Farwig, Nina; Fayle, Tom M.; Felicioli, Antonio; Felton, Annika M.; Fensham, Roderick J.; Fernandez, Ignacio C.; Ferreira, Catarina C.; Fietola, Gentile F.; Fiera, Cristina; Filgueiras, Bruno K. C.; Fırıncıoğlu, Hüseyin; Flaspohler, David; Floren, Andreas; Fonte, Steven J.; Fournier, Anne; Fowler, Robert E.; Franzén, Markus; Fraser, Lauchlan H.; Fredriksson, Gabriella M.; Freire-Jr, Geraldo B.; Frizzo, Tiago L. M.; Fukuda, Daisuke; Furlani, Dario; Gaigher, René; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; García, Karla P.; Garcia-R., Juan C.; Garden, Jenni G.; Garilleti, Ricardo; Ge, Bao-Ming; Gendreau-Berthiaume, Benoit; Gerard, Philippa J.; Gheler-Costa, Carla; Gilbert, Benjamin; Giordani, Paolo; Giordano, Simonetta; Golodets, Carly; Gomes, Laurens G. L.; Gould, Rachelle K.; Goulson, Dave; Gove, Aaron D.; Granjon, Laurent; Grass, Ingo; Gray, Claudia L.; Grogan, James; Gu, Wibin; Guardiola, Moisès; Gunawardene, Nihara R.; Gutierrez, Alvaro G.; Gutiérrez-Lamus, Doris L.; Haarmeyer, Daniela H.; Hanley, Mick E.; Hanson, Thor; Hashim, Nor R.; Hassan, Shombe N.; Hatfield, Richard G.; Hawes, Joseph E.; Hayward, Matt W.; Hébert, Christian; Helden, Alvin J.; Henden, John-André; Henschel, Philipp; Hernández, Lionel; Herrera, James P.; Herrmann, Farina; Herzog, Felix; Higuera-Diaz, Diego; Hilje, Branko; Höfer, Hubert; Hoffmann, Anke; Horgan, Finbarr G.; Hornung, Elisabeth; Horváth, Roland; Hylander, Kristoffer; Isaacs-Cubides, Paola; Ishida, Hiroaki; Ishitani, Masahiro; Jacobs, Carmen T.; Jaramillo, Víctor J.; Jauker, Birgit; Hernández, F. Jiménez; Johnson, McKenzie F.; Jolli, Virat; Jonsell, Mats; Juliani, S. Nur; Jung, Thomas S.; Kapoor, Vena; Kappes, Heike; Kati, Vassiliki; Katovai, Eric; Kellner, Klaus; Kessler, Michael; Kirby, Kathryn R.; Kittle, Andrew M.; Knight, Mairi E.; Knop, Eva; Kohler, Florian; Koivula, Matti; Kolb, Annette; Kona, Mouhamadou; Kőrösi, Ádám; Krauss, Jochen; Kumar, Ajith; Kumar, Raman; Kurz, David J.; Kutt, Alex S.; Lachat, Thibault; Lantschner, Victoria; Lara, Francisco; Lasky, Jesse R.; Latta, Steven C.; Laurance, William F.; Lavelle, Patrick; Le Féon, Violette; LeBuhn, Gretchen; Légaré, Jean-Philippe; Lehouck, Valérie; Lencinas, María V.; Lentini, Pia E.; Letcher, Susan G.; Li, Qi; Litchwark, Simon A.; Littlewood, Nick A.; Liu, Yunhui; Lo-Man-Hung, Nancy; López-Qunitero, Carlos A.; Louhaichi, Mounir; Lövei, Gabor L.; Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban; Luja, Victor H.; Luskin, Matthew S.; MacSwiney G., M. Christina; Maeto, Kaoru; Magura, Tibor; Mallari, Neil Aldrin; Malone, Louise A.; Malonza, Patrick K.; Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba; Mandujano, Salvador; Måren, Inger E.; Marin-Spiotta, Erika; Marsh, Charles J.; Marshall, E. J. P.; Martínez, Eliana; Martínez Pastur, Guillermo; Moreno Mateos, David; Mayfield, Margaret M.; Mazimpaka, Vicente; McCarthy, Jennifer L.; McCarthy, Kyle P.; McFrederick, Quninn S.; McNamara, Sean; Medina, Nagore G.; Medina, Rafael; Mena, Jose L.; Mico, Estefania; Mikusinski, Grzegorz; Milder, Jeffrey C.; Miller, James R.; Miranda-Esquivel, Daniel R.; Moir, Melinda L.; Morales, Carolina L.; Muchane, Mary N.; Muchane, Muchai; Mudri-Stojnic, Sonja; Munira, A. Nur; Muoñz-Alonso, Antonio; Munyekenye, B. F.; Naidoo, Robin; Naithani, A.; Nakagawa, Michiko; Nakamura, Akihiro; Nakashima, Yoshihiro; Naoe, Shoji; Nates-Parra, Guiomar; Navarrete Gutierrez, Dario A.; Navarro-Iriarte, Luis; Ndang'ang'a, Paul K.; Neuschulz, Eike L.; Ngai, Jacqueline T.; Nicolas, Violaine; Nilsson, Sven G.; Noreika, Norbertas; Norfolk, Olivia; Noriega, Jorge Ari; Norton, David A.; Nöske, Nicole M.; Nowakowski, A. Justin; Numa, Catherine; O'Dea, Niall; O'Farrell, Patrick J.; Oduro, William; Oertli, Sabine; Ofori-Boateng, Caleb; Omamoke Oke, Christopher; Oostra, Vicencio; Osgathorpe, Lynne M.; Otavo, Samuel Eduardo; Page, Navendu V.; Paritsis, Juan; Parra-H, Alejandro; Parry, Luke; Pe'er, Carlos A.; Pearman, Peter B.; Pelegrin, Nicolás; Pélissier, Raphaël; Peres, Carlos A.; Peri, Pablo L.; Persson, Anna S.; Petanidou, Theodora; Peters, Marcell K.; Pethiyagoda, Rohan S.; Phalan, Ben; Philips, T. Keith; Pillsbury, Finn C.; Pincheira-Ulbrich, Jimmy; Pineda, Eduardo; Pinoa, Joan; Pizarro-Araya, Jaime; Plumptre, A. J.; Poggio, Santiago L.; Politi, Natalia; Pons, Pere; Poveda, Katja; Power, Eileen F.; Presley, Steven J.; Proença, Vânia; Quaranta, Marino; Quintero, Carolina; Rader, Romina; Ramesh, B. R.; Ramirez-Pinilla, Martha P.; Ranganathan, Jai; Rasmussen, Claus; Redpath-Downing, Nicola A.; Reid, J. Leighton; Reis, Yana T.; Rey Benayas, José M.; Rey-Velasco, Juan Carlos; Reynolds, Chevonne; Ribeiro, Danilo Bandini; Richards, Miriam H.; Richardson, Barbara A.; Richardson, Michael J.; Ríos, Rodrigo Macip; Robinson, Richard; Robles, Carolina A.; Römbke, Jörg; Romero-Duque, Luz Piedad; Rös, Matthias; Rosselli, Loreta; Rossiter, Stephen J.; Roth, Dana S.; Roulston, T'ai H.; Rousseau, Laurent; Rubio, André V.; Ruel, Jean-Claude; Sadler, Jonathan P.; Sáfián, Szaboics; Saldaña-Vázquez, Romeo A.; Sam, Katerina; Samnegård, Ulrika; Santana, Joana; Santos, Xavier; Savage, Jade; Schellhorn, Nancy A.; Schilthuizen, Menno; Schmiedel, Ute; Schmitt, Christine B.; Schon, Nicole L.; Schüepp, Christof; Schumann, Katharina; Schweiger, Oliver; Scott, Dawn M.; Scott, Kenneth A.; Sedlock, Jodi L.; Seefeldt, Steven S.; Shahabuddin, Ghazala; Shannon, Graeme; Sheil, Douglas; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Shochat, Eyal; Siebert, Stefan J.; Silva, Fernando A. B.; Simonetti, Javier A.; Slade, Eleanor M.; Smith, Jo; Smith-Pardo, Allan H.; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Somarriba, Eduardo J.; Sosa, Ramón A.; Soto Quiroga, Grimaldo; St-Laurent, Martin-Hugues; Starzomski, Brian M.; Stefanescu, Constanti; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Stouffer, Philip C.; Stout, Jane C.; Strauch, Ayron M.; Struebig, Matthew J.; Su, Zhimin; Suarez-Rubio, Marcela; Sugiura, Shinji; Summerville, Keith S.; Sung, Yik-Hei; Sutrisno, Hari; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Teder, Tiit; Threlfall, Caragh G.; Tiitsaar, Anu; Todd, Jacqui H.; Tonietto, Rebecca K.; Torre, Ignasi; Tóthméresz, Béla; Tscharntke, Teja; Turner, Edgar C.; Tylianakis, Jason M.; Uehara-Prado, Marcio; Urbina-Cardon, Nicolas; Vallan, Denis; Vanbergen, Adam J.; Vasconcelos, Heraldo L.; Vassilev, Kiril; Verboven, Hans A. F.; Verdasca, Maria João; Verdú, José R.; Vergara, Carlos H.; Vergara, Pablo M.; Verhulst, Jort; Virgilio, Massimiliano; Vu, Lien Van; Waite, Edward M.; Walker, Tony R.; Wang, Hua-Feng; Wang, Yanping; Watling, James I.; Weller, Britta; Wells, Konstans; Westphal, Catrin; Wiafe, Edward D.; Williams, Christopher D.; Willig, Michael R.; Woinarski, John C. Z.; Wolf, Jan H. D.; Wolters, Wolkmar; Woodcock, Ben A.; Wu, Jihua; Wunderle Jr., Joseph M.; Yamaura, Yuichi; Satoko, Yoshikura; Yu, Douglas W.; Zaitsev, Andrey S.; Zeidler, Juliane; Zou, Fasheng; Collen, Ben; Ewers, Rob M.; Mace, Georgina M.; Purves, Drew W.; Scharlemann, Jörn P. W.; Purvis, Andy (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2016-12-10)The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional ... -
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita; Johnson, Catherine; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; Kemmer, Laura; Khalil, Ibrahim A.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kyu, Hmwe H.; Leung, Janni; Liang, Xiaofeng; Lim, Stephen S.; Lopez, Alan D; Lozano, Rafael; Marczak, Laurie; Mensah, George A; Mokdad, Ali H.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Nguyen, Grant; Nsoesie, Elaine; Olsen, Helen; Pigott, David M.; Pinho, Christine; Rankin, Zane; Reinig, Nikolas; Salomon, Joshua A; Sandar, Logan; Smith, Alison; Stanaway, Jeffrey; Steiner, Caitlyn; Teeple, Stephanie; Thomas, Bernadette A.; Troeger, Christopher; Wagner, Joseph A.; Wang, Haidong; Wanga, Valentine; Whiteford, Harvey A.; Zoeckler, Leo; Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M.; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abraham, Biju; Abubakar, Ibrahim; Abu-Raddad, Laith J.; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E.; Ackerman, Ilana N.; Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi; Ademi, Zanfina; Adou, Arse Kouablan; Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko; Agardh, Emilie Elisabet; Agarwal, Arnav; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ajala, Oluremi N.; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akseer, Nadia; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Noore K. M.; Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed; Alegretti, Miguel Angel; Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw; Alexander, Lily T.; Alhabib, Samia; Ali, Raghib; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa; Alsharif, Ubai; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amare, Azmeraw T.; Amberbir, Alemayehu; Amini, Heresh; Ammar, Walid; Amrock, Stephen Marc; Andersen, Hjalte H.; Anderson, Gregory M.; Anderson, Benjamin; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Aregay, Atsede Fantahun; Arnlov, Johan; Artaman, Al; Asayesh, Hamid; Assadi, Reza; Atique, Suleman; Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur; Awasthi, Ashish; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Azzopardi, Peter; Bacha, Umar; Badawi, Alaa; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Banerjee, Amitava; Barac, Aleksandra; Barker-Collo, Suzanne L.; Bärnighausen, Till; Barregard, Lars; Barrero, Lope H.; Basu, Arindam; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad; Bell, Brent; Bell, Michelle L.; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Benzian, Habib; Berhane, Adugnaw; Bernabe, Eduardo; Betsu, Balem Demtsu; Beyene, Addisu Shunu; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhatt, Samir; Biadgilign, Sibhatu; Bienhofff, Kelly; Bikbov, Boris; Biryukov, Stan; Bisanzio, Donal; Bjertness, Espen; Blore, Jed; Borschmann, Rohan; Boufous, Soufiane; Brainin, Michael; Brazinova, Alexandra; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Brown, Jonathan; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Buckle, Geoffrey Colin; Butt, Zahid A.; Calabria, Bianca; Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo; Campuzano, Julio Cesar; Carabin, Helene; Cardenas, Rosario; Carpenter, David O.; Carrero, Juan Jesus; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia; Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne; Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Christensen, Hanne; Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Coates, Matthew M.; Colquhoun, Samantha M; Cooper, Cyrus; Cortinovis, Monica; Crump, John A.; Damtew, Solomon Abrha; Dandona, Rakhi; Daoud, Farah; Dargan, Paul I.; das Neves, Jose; Davey, Gail; Davis, Adrian C.; De Leo, Diego; Degenhardt, Louisa; Del Gobbo, Liana C; Dellavalle, Robert P; Deribe, Kebede; Deribew, Amare; Derrett, Sarah; Des Jarlais, Don C.; Dharmaratne, Samath D.; Dhillon, Preet K.; Diaz-Torne, Cesar; Ding, Eric L.; Driscoll, Tim R.; Duan, Leilei; Dubey, Manisha; Duncan, Bruce Bartholow; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Ellenbogen, Richard G.; Elyazar, Iqbal; Endres, Matthias; Endries, Aman Yesuf; Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich; Eshrati, Babak; Estep, Kara; Farid, Talha A; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa; Faro, Andre; Farvid, Maryam S.; Farzadfar, Farshad; Feigin, Valery L.; Felson, David T.; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Jefferson G.; Fernandes, Joao C.; Fischer, Florian; Fitchett, Joseph R. A.; Foreman, Kyle; Fowkes, Gerry R.; Fox, Jordan; Franklin, Richard C.; Friedman, Joseph; Frostad, Joseph; Furst, Thomas; Futran, Neal D.; Gabbe, Belinda; Ganguly, Parthasarathi; Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho; Gebre, Teshome; Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Gessner, Bradford D.; Gibney, Katherine B.; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed; Giref, Ababi Zergaw; Giroud, Maurice; Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo; Glaser, Elizabeth; Godwin, William W.; Gomez-Dantes, Hector; Gona, Philimon; Goodridge, Amador; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gotay, Carolyn C.; Goto, Atsushi; Gouda, Hebe N.; Grainger, Rebecca; Greaves, Felix; Guillemin, Francis; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Vipin; Gutierrez, Reyna A.; Haile, Demewoz; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Halasa, Yara A.; Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi; Hamidi, Samer; Hammami, Mouhanad; Hancock, Jamie; Handal, Alexis J.; Hankey, Graeme J.; Hao, Yuantao; Harb, Hilda L.; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Haro, Josep Maria; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hay, Roderick J.; Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz; Heydarpour, Pouria; Hoek, Hans W.; Horino, Masako; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hoy, Damian G.; Htet, Aung Soe; Huang, Hsiang; Huang, John J.; Huynh, Chantal; Iannarone, Marissa; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Innos, Kaire; Inoue, Manami; Iyer, Veena J.; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B.; Javanbakht, Mehdi; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jee, Sun Ha; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jensen, Paul N.; Jiang, Ying; Jibat, Tariku; Jimenez-Corona, Aida; Jin, Ye; Jonas, Jost B.; Kabir, Zubair; Kalkonde, Yogeshwar; Kamal, Ritul; Kan, Haidong; Karch, Andre; Karema, Corine Kakizi; Karimkhani, Chante; Kasaeian, Amir; Kau, Anil; Kawakami, Norito; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemp, Andrew Haddon; Keren, Andre; Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khaiff, Abdur Rahman; Khaiff, Ejaz Ahmad; Khang, Young-Ho; Khera, Sahil; Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Pauline; Kim, Cho-il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Yun Jin; Kissoon, Niranjan; Knibbs, Luke D.; Knudsen, Ann Kristin; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolte, Dhaval; Kopec, Jacek A.; Kosen, Soewarta; Kotsakis, Georgios A.; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kravchenko, Michael; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kudom, Andreas A.; Kuipers, Ernst J.; Kumar, G. Anil; Kutz, Michael; Kwan, Gene F.; Lal, Aparna; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lam, Hilton; Lam, Jennifer O.; Langan, Sinead M.; Larsson, Anders; Lavados, Pablo M.; Leasher, Janet L.; Leigh, James; Leung, Ricky; Levi, Miriam; Li, Yichong; Liang, Juan; Liu, Shiwei; Lloyd, Belinda K.; Lo, Warren D.; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Looker, Katharine J.; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A.; Mackay, Mark T.; Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy; Majdan, Marek; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Marcenes, Wagner; Margolis, David Joel; Martinez-Raga, Jose; Masiye, Felix; Massano, João; McGarvey, Stephen Theodore; McGrath, John J.; McKee, Martin; McMahon, Brian J.; Meaney, Peter A.; Mehari, Alem; Meija-Rodriguez, Fabiola; Mekonnen, Alemayehu B.; Melaku, Yohannes Adama; Memiah, Peter; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary; Miller, Ted R.; Mills, Edward J; Mirarefin, Mojde; Mitchell, Philip B.; Mock, Charles N.; Mohammadi, Alireza; Mohammed, Shafiu; Monasta, Lorenzo; Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar; Montico, Marcella; Mooney, Meghan D.; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Morawska, Lidia; Mueller, Ulrich O.; Mullany, Erin C.; Mumford, John Everett; Murdoch, Michele E.; Nachega, Jean B.; Nagel, Gabriele; Naheed, Aliya; Naldi, Luigi; Nangia, Vinay; Newton, John N.; Ng, Marie; Norheim, Ole Frithjof; Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak; Hailu, Alemayehu; Savic, Miloje; Skirbekk, Vegard; Skogen, Jens Christoffer; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Steiner, Timothy J.; Søreide, Kjetil; Vollset, Stein Emil; Weiderpass, Elisabete; White, Richard (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2016-10-08)Background:<br>Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world’s population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes aff ecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), ...