Systemic complement activation is associated with respiratory failure in COVID-19 hospitalized patients

Abstract

The new SARS-CoV-2 pandemic leads to COVID-19 with respiratory failure, substantial morbidity, and significant mortality. Overactivation of the innate immune response is postulated to trigger this detrimental process. The complement system is a key player in innate immunity. Despite a few reports of local complement activation, there is a lack of evidence that the degree of systemic complement activation occurs early in COVID-19 patients, and whether this is associated with respiratory failure. This study shows that a number of complement activation products are systemically, consistently, and long-lastingly increased from admission and during the hospital stay. Notably, the terminal sC5b-9 complement complex was associated with respiratory failure. Thus, complement inhibition is an attractive therapeutic approach for treatment of COVD-19.