Abstract
The aim of this thesis was to explore the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a symptom modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. tDCS is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique where weak direct current is delivered to the scalp, causing neuromodulation as it reaches the cortex. Even though promising, the results of clinicals studies have been mixed. This thesis explored different stimulation parameters of tDCS and their effect on treatment success.
In Paper I, 19 patients with Alzheimer’s Disease were randomly assigned to receive either active or sham high- definition (HD)- tDCS. Each tDCS montage was individualized based on the patients MRI scan. In Paper II, 48 MRI scans of Alzheimer’s’ patients and healthy matched controls were analysed to study how tDCS induced electric current was affected by disease related atrophy. Paper III explored whether home based bipolar tDCS was feasible and tolerable, with eight Alzheimer’s patients receiving daily stimulation sessions over a four-month period.
Patients receiving active HD-tDCS had a significant higher change score on delayed memory compared to patients receiving sham treatment. The results are promising for offering HD-tDCS to reduce memory impairment in Alzheimer’s patients. Computational modelling of tDCS- induced current revealed weaker and more widespread electric fields in the Alzheimer’s brain compared to healthy aging brains. HD-tDCS montages resulted in more focalized electric field than bipolar montages. Home-based bipolar tDCS treatment did not have a significant effect on patients’ cognitive functions, but the treatment was both feasible and tolerable. The research is of clinical relevance in terms of optimizing tDCS treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
Målet med denne avhandlingen var å utforske effekten av transkraniell likestrømsstimulering (tDCS) som en symptomlindrende behandling ved Alzheimers sykdom. tDCS er en ikke-invasiv form for hjernestimulering der svak likestrøm påføres hodebunnen for å modulere aktivitet i korteks. Selv om resultatene fra kliniske studier har vært lovende, har de vært varierende. Denne avhandlingen utforsker ulike stimuleringsparametere for tDCS og hvordan de påvirker behandlingsresultater.
I Studie I ble 19 pasienter med Alzheimers sykdom tilfeldig delt inn i to grupper som enten fikk aktiv eller placebo høyoppløselig (HD)-tDCS. Hvert tDCS-oppsett ble individuelt tilpasset basert på pasientens MR av hjernen. I Studie II ble 48 MR-skanninger av pasienter med Alzheimers og friske matchede kontroller analysert for å studere hvordan tDCS-indusert elektrisk strøm ble påvirket av sykdomsrelatert atrofi. Studie III undersøkte om hjemmebasert bipolar tDCS var gjennomførbart og tolererbart, der åtte pasienter med Alzheimers mottok daglig stimulering over en fire måneders periode.
Pasienter som fikk aktiv HD-tDCS hadde en signifikant endring i skårer på utsatt hukommelse sammenlignet med pasienter som fikk placebo behandling. Resultatene er lovende med tanke på å tilby HD-tDCS for å redusere hukommelsessvikt. Beregningsmodellering av tDCS-indusert strøm viste svakere og mer spredte elektriske felt i Alzheimers hjernen sammenlignet med friske eldre hjerner. HD-tDCS ga mer fokalisert strømdistribusjon enn bipolar tDCS. Behandling med hjemmebasert bipolar tDCS hadde ingen signifikant effekt på pasientenes kognitive funksjoner, men behandlingen ble ansett som gjennomførbar og tolererbar. Forskningen anses som klinisk relevant og viser hvordan tDCS-behandling kan optimaliseres for å øke sjansene for behandlingssuksess hos pasienter med Alzheimers sykdom.
Has part(s)
Paper I Rasmussen, I.D., Boayue, N.M., Mittner, M., Bystad, M., Grønli, O.K., Vangberg, T.R., Csifcsák, G. & Aslaksen, P.M. (2021). High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Delayed Memory in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: A Pilot Study Using Computational Modeling to Optimize Electrode Position. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 83(2), 753-769. Published version not available in Munin due to publisher’s restrictions. Published version available at https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-210378. Accepted manuscript version available in Munin at https://hdl.handle.net/10037/24686.
Paper II: Rasmussen, I.D., Mittner, M., Boayue, N.M., Csifcsák, G. & Aslaksen, P.M. (2023). Tracking the current in the Alzheimer's brain - Systematic differences between patients and healthy controls in the electric field induced by tDCS. Neuroimage: Reports, 3(2), 100172. Also available in Munin at https://hdl.handle.net/10037/30001.
Paper III: Grønli, O.K., Daae Rasmussen, I., Aslaksen, P.M. & Bystad, M. (2022). A four-month home-based tDCS study on patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurocase, 28(3), 276-282. Also available in Munin at https://hdl.handle.net/10037/27572.