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dc.contributor.advisorArfwedson Wang, Catharina Elisabeth
dc.contributor.authorFlatebø, Solveig
dc.date.accessioned2025-02-06T13:41:40Z
dc.date.available2025-02-06T13:41:40Z
dc.date.issued2025-02-28
dc.description.abstractChildren are innately adapted to socialize with their caregivers and environment. In the first years of life, they engage in social learning through interactions with others, for instance, by observing and imitating behaviors. They learn most effectively when adults communicate ostensively with them, using eye contact, infant-directed speech, or contingent responsivity. They may even faithfully imitate irrelevant actions to attain a goal instead of selectively omitting them when presented ostensively. Today, children face the challenge of meeting a variety of social interactions, not just responsive adults but also those distracted by smartphone use and new digital partners like social robots. Thus, to better understand early socio-cognitive development, it is important to investigate toddlers’ imitation and understanding of communication in various social interactions. This thesis investigated the role of ostension and type of social partner on toddlers’ imitation and understanding of others’ communication. Study 1 examined 1.5-year-olds’ imitation patterns of selective versus faithful imitation with social adults in the lab and found that faithful imitation was inconsistent across tests and unstable. Study 2 used online imitation methods to test whether toddlers recognize an adult’s smartphone disruption during ostensive communication as incompatible with their expectations of ostensive communication. The results did not support the hypothesis, showing no differences in faithful imitation between toddlers exposed to the smartphone disruption and the control group. Study 3 reviewed research on toddlers’ understanding of ostensive communication and social learning – including imitation – with social robots, showing that they imitate and learn from robots and sometimes understand robot communication. Together, these studies show that while toddlers adaptably imitate various social partners, their understanding of others’ ostensive communication varies. The thesis provides knowledge about toddlers’ social learning, including imitation, in different social contexts. Moreover, it contributes new imitation material for lab and online testing developed for our experimental studies.en_US
dc.description.abstractBarn har en medfødt evne til å inngå i sosiale samspill med sine foreldre og omgivelser. I de første leveårene lærer de via sosial læring, som ofte innebærer observasjon og imitasjon av andres atferd. Småbarn lærer best når voksne kommuniserer ostensivt gjennom øyekontakt, barne-rettet tale eller kontingent respons. De kan også imitere irrelevante handlinger nøyaktig for å oppnå et mål istedenfor å selektivt imitere kun det nødvendige hvis dette presenteres ostensivt. Småbarn møter mange ulike sosiale situasjoner, ikke bare med responsive voksne, men også med de distrahert av smarttelefoner, og digitale sosiale partnere som roboter. Det er derfor viktig med ny kunnskap om hvordan småbarn imiterer og forstår kommunikasjon i ulike sosiale situasjoner for å bedre kunne forstå tidlig sosio-kognitive utvikling. I denne avhandlingen undersøkes rollen ulike sosiale partnere og ostensiv kommunikasjon spiller for småbarns imitasjon og kommunikasjonsforståelse. Studie 1 undersøke 1.5-åringers imitasjonsmønstre (selektiv versus nøyaktig) med sosiale voksne på laben, og viste at nøyaktig imitasjon verken var konsistent på tvers av tester eller stabil. I Studie 2 brukte vi en nettbasert imitasjonstest med deltakelse via datamaskin, for å teste hypotesen at voksnes smarttelefon-forstyrrelser i sosiale samspill bryter med småbarns forventinger om ostensiv kommunikasjon. Resultatene støttet ikke hypotesen, ettersom vi ikke fant noen forskjeller i nøyaktig imitasjon mellom eksperimentgruppen som observerte smarttelefonforstyrrelser, og kontrollgruppen. I studie 3 undersøkte vi tidligere forskning om småbarns forståelse av og evne til å lære og imitere sosiale roboter. Studien viste at småbarn kan imitere roboter, og i noen situasjoner, men ikke alle, forstå roboters ostensive kommunikasjon. Samlet viser studiene at barn kan imitere ulike sosiale partnere, men at deres forståelse av andres ostensive kommunikasjon er mer sammensatt. Avhandlingen bidrar med ny kunnskap om småbarns sosiale læring, inkludert imitasjon, i ulike sosiale situasjoner. I tillegg, bidrar den med nyutviklede imitasjonsmaterialer for lab og nettbasert testing.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractThis thesis includes three studies using imitation methods in various social situations to enhance our understanding of toddlers’ social and cognitive development. Study 1 investigated the underlying nature of 1.5-year-old toddlers’ imitation in terms of what they choose to imitate in a lab setting with social partners who behave socially. Furthermore, Study 2, using an online imitation test, examined whether toddlers view smartphone disruptions during social interactions as a cessation of communication. Lastly, Study 3 reviewed research on toddlers’ imitation and intentional understanding of social robots. The thesis gives knowledge about toddlers’ social learning. Specifically, the studies suggest that toddlers imitate various social partners, including social partners distracted with smartphones and robots, but that their understanding of the intent of others’ communication is more mixed. Additionally, the thesis contributes new lab and online imitation test material.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipStudie 1: finansiert av Helse Nord (HNF-1390-17)en_US
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-350-0010-1
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/36426
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper 1. Flatebø, S., Johansen, L. & Óturai, G. 18-month-olds show neither stability nor consistency in selective vs. exact imitation. (Submitted manuscript). <p>Paper 2. Flatebø, S., Óturai, G. & Hernik, M. (2024). No evidence for adult smartphone use affecting attribution of communicative intention in toddlers: Online imitation study using the Sock Ball Task. <i>PloS ONE, 19</i>(3), e0300874. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/34357>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/34357</a>. <p>Paper 3. Flatebø, S., Tran, V. N.-N., Wang, C. E. A. & Bongo, L. A. (2024). Social robots in research on social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers: A scoping review. <i>PloS ONE, 19</i>(5), e0303704. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/34890>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/34890</a>.en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonData for Paper 2: Flatebø, S. (2023). Data for Smartphone use and toddler communicative intention attribution. OSF, <a href=https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/SJF4D>https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/SJF4D</a>.en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonData for Paper 3: Flatebø, S., Tran, V. N. & Bongo, L. A. (2024). Data for The use of social robots to study social and cognitive development in infants and toddlers: A scoping review study. OSF, <a href=https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WF48R>https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WF48R</a>.en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2025 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectdevelopmental psychologyen_US
dc.subjecttoddleren_US
dc.subjectsocial learningen_US
dc.subjectimitationen_US
dc.subjectcommunicative intenten_US
dc.subjectostensionen_US
dc.subjectostensive communicationen_US
dc.subjectsocial robotsen_US
dc.subjectscoping reviewen_US
dc.subjectroboticsen_US
dc.subjectearly childhood developmenten_US
dc.subjectsocial roboticsen_US
dc.titleToddlers’ imitation and understanding of communicative intentions in various social contexts - The role of social partner type and ostension on toddlers’ imitation and their inferences about communicative intentionsen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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