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dc.contributor.advisorBrøndbo, Per Håkan
dc.contributor.authorAdhikari, Sirjana
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-07T07:26:51Z
dc.date.available2025-05-07T07:26:51Z
dc.date.issued2025-05-23
dc.description.abstractLarge-scale studies on adolescents’ emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) are limited in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Nepal. This study aimed to narrow this knowledge gap. Data were collected from 64 schools in 16 districts across Nepal. Adolescents (N = 1904) aged 11-18 years completed the Nepali version of the Youth Self-Report (YSR). The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF) were utilized to compare self-reports with parent and teacher reports. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) - Impact Supplement was employed to assess parents' perception of adolescents' difficulties and the impact of problems across different castes and ethnic groups. Pearson's chi-squared test was utilized to analyze categorical data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for between-group analyses, multiple regression analysis for associations between EBPs and background variables, Pearson's correlation to assess cross-informant agreement, and a mixed-model approach to address the hierarchical structure of data on parents' perceptions of difficulties and the impact of problems. The prevalence of self-reported EBPs was 14.2% and higher for internalizing problems than for externalizing problems. The mean Total Problems score was 39.27 (SD: 24.16) with no gender differences. Boys scored higher on Externalizing Problems, whereas girls scored higher on Internalizing Problems. Physical illness and negative/traumatic life events were positively correlated with EBPs, while academic performance was negatively correlated. Adolescents reported more problems than their parents and teachers. The cross-informant agreement was moderate to low. Discrepancies were influenced by gender, caste/ethnicity, family stress/conflicts, and academic performance. The effect of caste/ethnicity was significant for parent ratings on the CBCL Total Problems, but not for parents' perception of total difficulties and the impact of problems. The findings of the study underscore the need to address adolescent mental health in Nepal, using multiple perspectives in assessment and intervention, and considering cultural contexts.en_US
dc.description.abstractStørre studier om ungdoms emosjonelle- og atferdsmessige problemer (EBPs) er få i lav- og middelinntektsland (LMICs), inkludert Nepal. Denne studien hadde som målsetting å minske dette kunnskapsgapet. Data ble samlet inn fra 64 skoler i 16 distrikter i Nepal. Ungdom (N=1904) i alderen 11-18 år fylte inn den nepalske versjonen av «Youth Self-Report» (YSR). «Child Behavior Checklist» (CBCL) og «Teacher Report Form» (TRF) ble brukt til å sammenlikne selvrapportering med rapporter fra foreldre og lærere. «Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)-Impact Supplement» ble brukt til å måle foreldres oppfatning av ungdommenes vansker og deres påvirkning på omgivelsene i ulike kaster og etniske grupper. Pearson chi-squared test ble brukt for å analysere kategoriske data, variansanalyse (ANOVA) for mellom-gruppe analyser, multippel regresjonsanalyse for assosiasjoner mellom EBPs og bakgrunnsvariabler, Pearson korrelasjon for å måle enighet mellom informanter, og en mixed-model tilnærming for å ta hensyn til den hierarktiske strukturen i dataene som omhandlet foreldres oppfatning av problemene og deres innvirkning på omgivelsene. Prevalensen av selvrapporterte EBPs var 14.2%, og høyere for internaliserende enn for eksternaliserende problemer. Den gjennomsnittlige Total Problemer skåren var 39.27 (SD: 24.16), uten kjønnsforskjeller. Guttene skåret høyest på Eksternaliserende Problemer mens jentene skåret høyest på Internaliserende Problemer. Fysisk sykdom og negative/traumatiske livsopplevelser var positivt korrelert med EBPs mens skoleprestasjoner var negativt korrelert. Ungdommene rapporterte mer problemer enn sine foreldre og lærere. Enigheten mellom de tre informantene var moderat til lav. Forskjellene ble påvirket av kjønn, kaste/etnisitet, familiestress/-konflikter og skoleprestasjoner. Effekten av kaste/etnisitet var signifikant i skåringer på CBCL- Totale Problemer, men ikke når det gjaldt foreldres oppfatning av totale vansker og innvirkningen på omgivelsene. Funnene i denne studien understreker behovet for å ta på alvor ungdommens psykiske helse i Nepal, ha flere perspektiver i utredning og behandling av problemene, og ta hensyn til forskjellige kulturelle kontekster.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractAdolescents’ Mental Health in Nepal: Key Findings This study in 64 schools and 16 districts of Nepal explored emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) among school-going adolescents. It assessed the prevalence and magnitude of EBPs, cross-informant agreement in ratings, and parents’ perception of difficulties and impact of problems across different cultural groups. Data revealed that 14.2% of the adolescents had EBPs, with internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety, depression) being more common. Adolescents reported more problems than parents or teachers, with low to moderate agreement among informants. Parents’ reports on EBPs varied between cultural groups, but their perception of difficulties and the impact remained consistent. The findings have implications for child mental health services, raising awareness among stakeholders and guiding professionals. The study underscores the urgent need to address adolescent mental health in Nepal, considering cultural contexts and using multiple perspectives in assessment and intervention.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study was funded by the Norwegian Partnership Program for Global Academic Cooperation (NORPART) 2018/10039 project (“Collaboration in Higher Education in Mental Health between Nepal and Norway”) (URL:https://diku.no/en/programmes/norpartnorwegian-partnership-programme-for-mental health), and Child Workers In Nepal (CWIN) - Nepal (URL: https://www.cwin.org.np/).en_US
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-350-0017-0
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/37003
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper 1: Adhikari, S., Ma, J., Shakya, S., Brøndbo, P.H., Handegård, B.H. & Javo, A.C. (2023). Self-reported emotional and behavioral problems among school-going adolescents in Nepal - A cross-sectional study. <i>PloS One, 18</i>(6), e0287305. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/32363>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/32363</a>. <p>Paper 2: Adhikari, S., Ma, J., Shakya, S., Brøndbo, P.H., Handegård, B.H. & Javo, A.C. (2024). Cross-informant ratings on emotional and behavioral problems in Nepali adolescents: A comparison of adolescents' self-reports with parents' and teachers' reports. <i>PloS One, 19</i>(5), e0303673. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/33601>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/33601</a>. <p>Paper 3: Adhikari, S., Ma, J., Shakya, S., Brøndbo, P. H., Handegård, B. H., & Javo, A. C. (In Press). Parents’ perception of adolescents’ difficulties and impact of problems in different castes and ethnic groups in Nepal. Do they converge with the frequencies of symptoms reported on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)? Now published in <i>Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2025</i>, available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/37002>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/37002</a>.en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2025 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectEmotional and Behavioral Problemsen_US
dc.subjectNepalen_US
dc.subjectAdolescentsen_US
dc.subjectYSRen_US
dc.subjectCBCL, TRF,en_US
dc.subjectCross-informant correlationsen_US
dc.subjectPerceived difficultiesen_US
dc.subjectimpact of problemsen_US
dc.titleEmotional and behavioral problems among school-going adolescents in different districts of Nepal: A cross-sectional study on prevalence, associated factors, cross-informant correlations, and impact of problems as perceived by the parentsen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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