<p><b>Background:</b> Given the impact of lexical properties such as valence, arousal, and concreteness in language processing, recent computational methods have been designed to extrapolate these values from different sources, such as word co-occurrence or word association corpora. These methods have been proven to be particularly successful approaches to extract lexical features from word ...

This paper discusses possible attrition of verb second (V2) word order in Norwegian heritage language by investigating a corpus of spontaneous speech produced by 50 2nd–4th generation heritage speakers in North America. The study confirms previous findings that V2 word order is generally stable in heritage situations, but nevertheless finds approximately 10% V2 violations. The cases of non-V2 word ...

This paper investigates spontaneous production from 50 speakers of Norwegian heritage language in the Corpus of American Nordic Speech and studies the interplay between four linguistic properties: possessives and double definiteness, verb second word order, grammatical gender, and the amount of language mixing. It is shown that speakers cluster in the sense that some speakers produce more Norwegian-like ...

In this paper, we consider variation in Verb Second (V2) word order in wh-questions across Norwegian dialects by investigating data from the Nordic Syntax Database (NSD), which consists of acceptability judgments collected at more than 100 locations in Norway. We trace the geographical distribution of the two main variables: phrasal vs. monosyllabic wh-elements (the latter argued to be heads) and ...

The Scandinavian languages show fairly little variation with respect to the internal syntax of the verb phrase. In general, the verb phrase is head initial, i.e., the direct object always follows the main verb (VO­order)

In this article, I present data from the Nordic Word order Database (NWD) on word order in Faroese embedded clauses. I discuss the methods used in the data elicitation, data analysis, and present a first overview of the patterns in the dataset. The NWD contains a total of 4,752 embedded clauses elicited from 33 native Faroese speakers, focussing on embedded <i>wh</i>-questions, and the placement of ...

The Scandinavian languages generally display V2 in main clauses (but see Bentzen 2014a, who discusses clauses introduced by maybe, which constitute an exception to this pattern). However, in embedded contexts, V2 is only available in certain restricted contexts, such as certain embedded that-clauses (see Bentzen 2014b). In most other embedded contexts, such as embedded wh-questions and relative ...

This chapter provides an overview of the micro-variation in Norwegian when it comes to Verb Second (V2) word order, both in the various dialects and in the two written standards. The variation is dependent on a number of factors, including clause type, type of initial element, and information structure. This overview demonstrates a rich inventory of micro-systems, raising the question of how children ...

The syntax of Scandinavian verb particles has been described by a number of researchers, and seminal work include Johannisson (1939), Sandøy (1976), Svenonius (1996, 2003 and 2005), Taraldsen (1983) and Åfarli (1985).

As was discussed in the section on verb particles in active clauses, the verb particle always precedes the direct objects in Swedish, while it often follows the direct object in the other Nordic varieties, especially when the direct object is a non­stressed pronoun. When it comes to simple reflexive direct objects (sig) [1] , the pattern in Swedish is more complex. Depending on verb class, the ...