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dc.contributor.authorEspenes, Johan Jacob
dc.contributor.authorHessen, Erik
dc.contributor.authorEliassen, Ingvild Vøllo
dc.contributor.authorWaterloo, Knut
dc.contributor.authorEckerström, Marie
dc.contributor.authorSando, Sigrid Botne
dc.contributor.authorTimón, Santiago
dc.contributor.authorWallin, Anders
dc.contributor.authorFladby, Tormod
dc.contributor.authorKirsebom, Bjørn-Eivind
dc.date.accessioned2021-05-19T07:44:41Z
dc.date.available2021-05-19T07:44:41Z
dc.date.issued2020-10-09
dc.description.abstract<i>Objective</i> - The trail making test (TMT) is one of the most widely used neuropsychological tests. TMT-A provides measures of visual scanning/visuomotor speed and TMT-B involves additional demands on executive functions. Derived scores TMT B-A and TMT B/A enhance measures of executive functioning. However, simple B-A subtraction may lead to false estimates of executive dysfunction in clinical samples. Norms for TMT have been published in several countries but are currently lacking for Scandinavia.<br><br> <i>Methods</i> - A total of 292 healthy controls between age 41 and 84 years were included from the Norwegian “Dementia Disease Initiation” (DDI) study (<i>n</i> = 170) and the Gothenburg Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) study (<i>n</i> = 122). We used a regression-based procedure to develop demographically adjusted norms for basic (TMT-A and TMT-B) and derived measures (TMT B-A and B/A). We also propose a regression-based alternative to the TMT B-A measure named “TMT-β”. The proposed norms were compared to norms from Heaton et al. and Tombaugh.<br><br> <i>Results</i> - Due to differences in the estimated normative effects of demographics on performance, the proposed norms for TMT were better suited in the Scandinavian sample compared with published non-Scandinavian norms. The proposed TMT-β measure was highly correlated to TMT B-A (<i>r</i> = 0.969, <i>p</i> < 0.001).<br><br> <i>Conclusion</i> - We here propose demographically adjusted norms for the TMT for ages 41 through 84 years based on a Scandinavian sample. We also present the regression-based derived measure TMT-β which may resolve issues with the conventional TMT B-A measure.en_US
dc.identifier.citationEspenes JJ, Hessen, Eliassen, Waterloo, Eckerström, Sando, Timón, Wallin, Fladby, Kirsebom. Demographically adjusted trail making test norms in a Scandinavian sample from 41 to 84 years. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2020:1-18en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 1841804
dc.identifier.doi10.1080/13854046.2020.1829068
dc.identifier.issn1385-4046
dc.identifier.issn1744-4144
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/21215
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherTaylor & Francisen_US
dc.relation.ispartofEspenes, J.J. (2023). Dementia Disease Initiation: Demographically adjusted norms based on Scandinavian samples and comparison with published norms from North America. (Doctoral thesis). <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/31910>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/31910</a>.
dc.relation.journalThe Clinical Neuropsychologist
dc.relation.projectIDinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/RCN/BEHANDLING/217780/Norway/Dementia Disease Initiation//en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2020 The Author(s)en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Social science: 200::Psychology: 260en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Samfunnsvitenskap: 200::Psykologi: 260en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medical disciplines: 700en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medisinske Fag: 700en_US
dc.titleDemographically adjusted trail making test norms in a Scandinavian sample from 41 to 84 yearsen_US
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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